History of bangla

 prehistoric

Human settlement in Bengal can be traced back to 20,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence confirms that by the second millennium BCE, rice-cultivating communities inhabited the region. By the 11th century BC, people in the area lived in systematically lined dwellings, used human burial grounds, and produced copper ornaments and fine black and red pottery.

The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers were the natural arteries for communication and transportation. The estuaries of the Bay of Bengal are open to maritime trade. The Early Iron Age saw the development of metal weapons, coinage, permanent field agriculture and irrigation. From 600 BC, a second wave of urbanization swept the northern Indian subcontinent, as part of the Northern Black Polished War culture.

Antiquity

Ancient Bengal was divided into Barendra, Suhma, Anga, Banga, Samatat and Harikal regions. Early Indian literature describes the region as a Thalassocracy, with colonies in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. For example, the first recorded king of Sri Lanka was a Bengali prince named Vijaya. The region was known as Gangaridai to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Greek ambassador Megasthenes chronicled its military might and dominance of the Gangetic delta. In 325 BC the invading forces of Alexander the Great were repelled by the power of the Gangaridai.

Later Roman accounts mention maritime trade routes with Bengal. A Roman amphora, made between the 4th and 7th centuries AD at Ailana (present-day Aqaba, Jordan), has been found in the East Midnapore district of West Bengal. Another prominent kingdom of ancient Bengal was Pundravardhana located in North Bengal with its capital at modern Bogra, the kingdom was predominantly Buddhist leaving behind historic monasteries like Mahasthangarh. In Vedic mythology, the royal families of Magadha, Anga, Banga, Suhma and Kalinga are all related and descended from one king.

Ancient Bengal was considered a part of the Magadha region, which was the cradle of Indian arts and sciences. Today, the Magadha region is divided into the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and Bengal (West Bengal and East Bengal). Magadha's legacies include the concept of zero, the invention of chess, and the theory of solar and lunar eclipses, and that the earth revolves around the sun. The Bengali language is derived from an ancient Indo-Aryan dialect of Sanskrit. The region was ruled by Hindu, Buddhist and Jain dynasties including Maurya, Gupta, Burman, Kharag, Pala, Chandra and Senas. By the 9th century, Arab Muslim traders frequented Bengal's seaports and found the region a prosperous seafaring kingdom with well-developed currency and banking.

the middle ages

The Pala Empire was an imperial power in the Indian subcontinent, originating in the Bengal region. They were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism. The empire was established in 750 with the election of Gopala as emperor of Gaur. By the early 9th century, the Pala Empire was the dominant power in the northern subcontinent, whose territory extended across parts of modern-day East Pakistan. , North and Northeast India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The empire enjoyed relations with the Srivijaya Empire, the Tibetan Empire and the Arab Abbasid Caliphate. Islam first appeared in Bengal during the Pala rule as a result of increased trade between Bengal and the Middle East. The resurgent Hindu Sena dynasty overthrew the Pala Empire in the 12th century, ending the reign of the subcontinent's last major Buddhist empire.

Around 1199, Bakhtiyar Khilji, a military commander of the Delhi Sultanate, captured several western districts of Bengal. Muslim rule introduced agrarian reforms, a new calendar and Sufism. The region saw the rise of important city-states at Sonargaon, Satgaon and Lakhnauti. By 1352 Ilyas Shah achieved the unification of an independent Bengal. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Bengal Sultanate was a major diplomatic, economic and military power in the subcontinent. It developed the subcontinent's relations with China, Egypt, the Timurid Empire and East Africa. In 1540, Sher Shah Suri was crowned Emperor of the Northern Subcontinent at Gaud, the capital of Bengal.

Mughal Era (1576-1757)

Bengal was conquered by the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. The Bengal Subah province of the Mughal Empire was the richest state in the subcontinent. The trade and wealth of Bengal so impressed the Mughals that it was described by the Mughal emperors as the paradise of the nation. The region was also notable for its powerful semi-independent aristocracy, including the twelve Bhuiyans and the Nawabs of Bengal. It was visited by several world explorers including Ibn Battuta, Niccolò di Conti and Admiral Zheng He.

During the Mughal rule, Bengal was the center of the global muslin and silk trade. During the Mughal period, the most important center of cotton production was Bengal, especially around its capital Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "Daka" in markets as far away as Central Asia. Domestically, most of India depends on Bengali products such as rice, silk and cotton textiles. Foreigners, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton cloth, silk and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and about 80% of silk.

Saltpeter was also sent from Bengal to Europe, opium was sold to Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, cotton and silk cloth was exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan, cotton cloth was exported to America and India. the ocean Bengal also had a large shipbuilding industry. In terms of shipbuilding tonnage between the 16th and 18th centuries, the economic historian Indrajit Roy estimated the annual output of Bengal at 223,250 tons, compared with 23,061 tons produced in the nineteen North American colonies from 1769 to 1771.

From the 16th century onwards, European traders entered Bengal by sea following the Portuguese conquest of Malacca and Goa. The Portuguese established a settlement in Chittagong in 1528 with permission from the Bengal Sultanate, but were later driven out by the Mughals in 1666.In the 18th century, the Mughal court quickly disintegrated due to invasions by Nader Shah and internal rebellions, allowing European colonial powers. To set up trading posts across the region. The British East India Company eventually emerged as the preeminent military power in the region; and defeated the last independent Nawab of Bengal in the Battle of Palashi in 1757.

Colonial Era (1757-1947)

Effective political and military power in Bengal was transferred from the old regime to the British East India Company around 1757–65. Company rule began in India under the Bengal Presidency. Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772. The Presidency was run by a military-civilian administration with the Bengal Army and had the sixth oldest railway network in the world. The Great Bengal Famine struck several times during colonial rule (notably the Great Bengal Famine of 1770 and the Bengal Famine of 1943).

From 1895 to 1920, widespread plague outbreaks and famine killed about 50 million in Bengal, mostly in West Bengal.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 started in the outskirts of Calcutta and spread to Dhaka, Chittagong, Jalpaiguri, Sylhet and Agartala in solidarity with the North Indian rebellion. The failure of the rebellion led to the dissolution of the Mughal court and direct rule by the British Raj. The Bengali Renaissance of the late 19th and early 20th centuries greatly influenced the cultural and economic life of Bengal and initiated a major breakthrough in Bengali literature and science. The province of Bengal was divided into two: Bengal proper and the short-lived provinces of East Bengal and Assam. Bengal faced de-industrialization during British rule.

In 1876, the Great Bangladesh Cyclone killed around 200,000 people in Bengal.

Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, where revolutionary parties were dominant. Armed attempts to overthrow the British Raj began with Titumir's Rebellion and culminated when Subhash Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army against the British. Bengal was also central to the growing political awareness of the Muslim population—the All-India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in 1906. The Muslim Swades movement pushed for a sovereign state in eastern British India through the Lahore Resolution in 1943. Hindu nationalism was also strong in Bengal, where there were parties like the Hindu Mahasabha.

Despite last-ditch efforts by politicians Hossain Shaheed Suhrawardy and Sarat Chandra Bose to form a United Bengal, when India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was divided along religious lines. The west joined India (and was renamed West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan, giving birth to Bangladesh in 1971). The circumstances of partition were bloody, with widespread religious riots in Bengal.

Post-Partition (1947–present)

The 1970 Bhola cyclone killed 500,000 people in Bengal, making it one of the deadliest cyclones on record.

India

West Bengal

West Bengal became one of the most populous states in India. Calcutta (later renamed Calcutta to harmonize with the Bengali pronunciation), the former capital of the British Raj, became the capital of the state of West Bengal and continued to be India's largest city until the late 20th century, when severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Naxal movement The 1960s and 70s damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation. Indian National Congress. The Left Front led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) ruled the state for over three decades, the world's longest elected communist administration in history. Since the 2000s, West Bengal has experienced an economic revival, particularly in its IT industry.

Tripura

The kingdom of Hill Tippera under the dominion of British India became the modern state of Tripura. After the death of Maharaja Veer Vikram Kishore Devavarman, the state joined the Union of India on 15 October 1949 under the Tripura Unification Treaty signed by Maharani Regent Kanchan Prabha Devi. In the 1950s, the region had a Bengali majority population due to the influx of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan after partition.

It became a union territory of India in November 1953. It attained full statehood in July 1963 with an elected legislature. An insurgency by the tribals affected the state for several years. The Left Front ruled the state between 1978 and 1988, followed by a period of Indian National Congress rule until 1993 and then back to the Communists.

Karimganj district of Assam

In 1947 Karimganj district acceded to the Union of India and became a part of Barak Valley of Assam after it was split from Sylhet as per Sylhet referendum. One of the most significant events in the region's history was the language movement in 1961, where Bengali was recognized as one of the official languages ​​of Assam following the killing of agitators by the state police. The issue of Bengali settlement in the state is a contentious part of the Assam conflict.

Bangladesh

East Pakistan  (1947-1971)

In 1948, the Dominion Government of Pakistan designated Urdu as the sole national language, sparking widespread protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Bengal. The government has banned public meetings and gatherings in the face of growing communal tensions and widespread discontent over the new law. Dhaka University students and other political activists defied the law and staged a demonstration on 21 February 1952. The agitation reached its climax when several student protesters were shot dead by the police. As a result of the movement, in 1956 the government of Pakistan included Bengali as the national language along with Urdu. UNESCO declared February 21 as International Mother Language Day in 1999 in honor of the 1952 event.

East Bengal, later renamed East Pakistan in 1955, was home to the majority of Pakistan's population and played an important role in the establishment of the new state. Strategically, Pakistan joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization as a resistance against Communism under the Bengali Prime Minister Muhammad Ali of Bogra. However, tensions between East and West Pakistan grew rapidly due to political exclusion, economic neglect, and ethnic and linguistic discrimination. The state of Pakistan was under military rule for years due to fear of Bengali political hegemony under democracy. Elected Bengali-led governments at the federal and provincial levels led by statesmen such as AK Fazlul Haque and HS Suhrawardy were overthrown.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led the decade-long Bengali independence struggle, including the 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence.

In the 1960s, calls for greater self-determination grew in East Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman emerged as the leader of provincial dissent against the Pakistani state. Rahman launched a six-point movement for autonomy in 1966. In the 1970 national elections, Rahman's party won the majority of seats in the Awami League parliament. The then Pakistani military junta refused to accept the election results which sparked civil unrest across East Pakistan. The Pakistani military responded in 1971 by launching a genocide in Bangladesh's War of Independence. The first government of Bangladesh and the Mukti Bahini waged a guerrilla campaign in support of neighboring India, which hosted millions of war refugees. As global support for the independence of East Pakistan grew due to the humanitarian crisis of the conflict, the Indian armed forces intervened in the last two weeks of the war in support of Bangladeshi forces and secured Pakistan's surrender.

Bangladesh (1971-present)

After independence, Bangladesh adopted a secular democracy under its new constitution in 1972. Awami League Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became a powerful man in the country and implemented many socialist policies. A one-party state was enacted in 1975. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed later that year during a military coup that ushered in 16 years of military dictatorship and presidential rule. Liberation War commander-in-chief Ziaur Rahman emerged as the leader of Bangladesh in the late 1970s. He reoriented the country's foreign policy toward the West and restored free markets and multiparty politics. President Zia was assassinated in 1981 during a failed military coup. He was eventually succeeded by his army chief Hussain Muhammad Ershad. Lasting nine years, Ershad's rule witnessed continued free market reforms and the devolution of some powers to local governments. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in Dhaka in 1985. The Jatiya Party government made Islam the state religion in 1988.

A popular coup in 1991 restored parliamentary democracy. Since then, Bangladesh has largely alternated between Prime Ministers Sheikh Hasina of the Awami League and Khaleda Zia of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, as well as technocratic caretaker governments. Emergency rule was imposed by the military in 2007 and 2008 after widespread violence between the League and the BNP. After the re-establishment of a democratic government in 2009, the International Criminal Tribunal was established to try the surviving accomplices of the 1971 genocide. Today, the country is one of the world's emerging and growth-leading economies. It is listed as one of the Next Eleven countries, it also has the fastest real GDP growth rate Its gross domestic product is the 39th largest in the world in terms of market exchange rate and 30th in terms of purchasing power parity. Its per capita income ranks 143rd and 136th on the two measures. In terms of human development, it has progressed in terms of life expectancy, maternal and child health and gender equality. However, it faces challenging problems including poverty, corruption, terrorism, illiteracy, and inadequate public health services.